5.3. 束流复合 最主要的是激光—电弧复合。复合加工时,激光产生的等离子体有利于电弧的稳定;复合加工可提高加工效率;可提高焊接性差的材料诸如铝合金、双相钢等的焊接性;可增加焊接的稳定性和可靠性;通常,激光加丝焊是很敏感的,通过与电弧的复合,则变的容易而可靠。 激光—电弧复合主要是激光与TIG、Plasma以及GMA。通过激光与电弧的相互影响,可克服每一种方法自身的不足,进而产生良好的复合效应。 GMA成本低,使用填丝,适用性强,缺点是熔深浅、焊速低、工件承受热载荷大。激光焊可形成深而窄的焊缝,焊速高、热输入低,但投资高,对工件制备精度要求高,对铝等材料的适应性差。Laser-GMA的复合效应表现在:电弧增加了对间隙的桥接性,其原因有二:一是填充焊丝,二是电弧加热范围较宽;电弧功率决定焊缝顶部宽度;激光产生的等离子体减小了电弧引燃和维持的阻力,使电弧更稳定;激光功率决定了焊缝的深度;更进一步讲,复合导致了效率增加以及焊接适应性的增强。 激光—电弧复合在1970年就已提出,然而,稳定的加工直至近几年才出现,这主要得益于激光技术以及弧焊设备的发展,尤其是激光功率和电流控制技术的提高。 激光电弧复合对焊接效率的提高十分显著。这主要基于两种效应,一是较高的能量密度导致了较高的焊接速度,工件对流损失减小;二是两热源相互作用的叠加效应。焊接钢时,激光等离子体使电弧更稳定,同时,电弧也进入熔池小孔,减小了能量的损失;焊接铝时,由于叠加效应几乎与激光波长无关,其物理机制和特性尚待进一步研究。 Laser-TIG Hybrid可显著增加焊速,约为TIG焊接时的2倍;钨极烧损也大大减小,寿命增加;坡口夹角亦减小焊缝面积与激光焊时相近。阿亨大学弗朗和费激光技术学院研制了—种激光双弧复合焊接,与激光单弧复合焊相比,焊接速度可增加约三分之一,线能量减小25% 。 英国Conventry大学现代连接中心亦有Laser-plasma复合焊接的报导。其优点是:提高焊接速度和熔深;由于电弧加热,金属温度升高,降低了金属对激光的反射率,增加了对光能的吸收。在小功率CO2激光试验基础上,还要在12000W CO2激光以及光纤传输的2kW YAG激光器上进行,并为机器人进行PALW打基础。
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The application and prospect of laser surface beam welding technology Xiaofan Wang1 Jianhua Yao2 1、YiTuo(NingBo) C.S.I. Tractor & Automobile Co.,Ltd. 315020 2、College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310014
[Abstract] The technology of laser beam welding has showed widen scope of application in industry , because it can obtain alloy beam welding layer with high properties(such as wearing-resistant property, corrosion-resistant property, oxidation resistance, thermal barrier property, cavitation resistance and erosion resistance ). Laser beam welding has been received more attention in the field of material surface treatment in the late 10 years , just because it is a kind of metallurgical bonding between laser beam welding layer and matrix metal, resulting in smaller microstructure, controllable component of layer and rate of dilution, thicker overlying strata, smaller thermal distortion, and then easy to practise selective welding and automatic technical process. By far, the technology of laser beam welding has received a few productions in repairing wearing part and strengthening key part in industry. This paper introduces the fundamentals , classification, materials of beam welding, process features and industry application of laser beam welding in details, then analyses the exist problems and method of quality control, and predicts the future of development , supplying references to research and popularization of industry application. Keywords: laser beam welding, trend in development, application, quality control
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